Literature on the Qibla (Chronological)

• Burgess, Jas., “The Orientation of Mosques”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1924), 454-458 [JSTOR link].
• Craig, James Ireland, The Theory of Map-Projections, with Special Reference to the Projections used in the Survey Department (Cairo: National Printing Department, 1910 [= Survey Department Paper, nr. 13]) – for a summary, cf. C.F. Close, The Geographical Journal, 37 (1911), 208-209 [JSTOR link].
• Hammer, Ernst, “Gegenazimutale Projektionen”, Dr. A. Petermanns Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt, 56 (1910), 153-155.
• Maurer, Hans, “Gegenazimutale Projektionen”, Dr. A. Petermanns Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt, 57 (1911), 255-256.
• Craig, James Ireland, “A Class of Map Projections: Retroazimuthal”, in: Report of the 81st Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Portsmouth, 1911 (London: ???, 1912), pp. 448-449.
• Schoy, Carl, “Azimutale und gegenazimutale Karten mit gleichabständigen parallelen Meridianen”, Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie, 41 (1913), 33-42.
• Schoy, Carl, “Die gegenazimutale mittabstandstreue Karte in konstruktiver und theoretischer Behandlung”, Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie, 41 (1913), 466-473.
• Maurer, Hans, “Die Definitionen in der Kartenentwurfslehre im Anschluss an die Begriffe Zenital, Azimutal und Gegenazimutal”, Dr. A. Petermanns Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt, 60 (1914), 61-67 & 116-121.
• Schoy, Carl, “Nochmals Azimutale und gegenazimutale Karten”, Dr. A. Petermanns Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt, 61 (1915), 137-138.
• Schoy, Carl, “Mittagslinie und Qibla: Notiz zur Geschichte der mathematischen Geographie”, Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, 50 (1915), 558-576 – reprinted in: Beiträge zur Arabisch-Islamischen Mathematik und Astronomie (Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 1988), vol. 1, pp. 132-150.
• Schoy, Carl, “Die Mekka- oder Qiblakarte (Gegenazimutale mittabstandstreue Projektion mit Mekka als Kartenmitte)”, Kartographische und schulgeographische Zeitschrift, 6 (1917), 184-186 – reprinted in: Beiträge zur Arabisch-Islamischen Mathematik und Astronomie (Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 1988), vol. 1, pp. 157-159.
• Maurer, Hans, “Das winkeltreue gegenazimutale Kartennetz nach Littrow (Wiers Azimutdiagramm)”, Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie, 47 (1919), 14-22.
• Schoy, Carl, “Abhandlung des al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haitam (Alhazen) über die Bestimmung der Richtung der Qibla”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 75 (1921), 242-258 [Halle link] – reprinted in: F. Sezgin (ed.), Ibn al-Haytham: Texts and Studies (Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 1998 [= Publications of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science: Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy. nr. 58), vol. II, pp. 28-39.
• Schoy, Carl, Die Gnomonik der Araber, in: E. von Bassermann-Jordan (ed.), Die Geschichte der Zeitmessung und die Uhren (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1923), Band I, Lieferung F, pp. 33-43 [= pp. 253-263 in: F. Sezgin (ed.), Ibn Yunis, ‘Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdarrahman (d. 399/1009): Texts and Studies (Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 1997 [= Publications of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science: Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy, nrs. 24/25]), vol. II, pp. 217-316].
• Hinks, Arthur R., “A Retro-Azimuthal Equidistant Projection of the Whole Sphere”, The Geographical Journal, 73 (1929), 245-247 [JSTOR link].
• Sarton, George, “Query no. 25: Orientation of the Mihrab in Mosques”, Isis, 20 (1933), 262-264 [JSTOR link] – see also ibid., 24 (1935), 109-110 [JSTOR link]; 34 (1942), 24 [JSTOR link]; 35 (1944), 176 [JSTOR link] & 38 (1947), 95-96 [JSTOR link].
• Arden-Close, Charles, “A Polar Retro-Azimuthal Projection”, The Geographical Journal, 92 (1938), 536-537 [JSTOR link].
• Ali, J., al-Biruni: The Determination of the Coordinates of Positions for the Correction of Distances between Cities (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1967), chapter XXIII [pp. 241-263].
• Jackson, J.E., “On Retro-Azimuthal Projections”, Survey Review, 19 (1968), 319-328 [nr. 149].
• King, David A., “Al-Khalīlā’s Qibla Table”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 34 (1975), 81-122 [JSTOR link] – reprinted in: King (1987), nr. XIII.
• Petri, Winfried, “Mekka und Meridian: Ein Missverständnis bei al-Bīrūnī”, in: Y. Maeyama & W.G. Saltzer (eds.), ΠΡΙΣΜΑΤΑ Naturwissenschaftsgeschichtliche Studien: Festschrift für Willy Hartner (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1977), pp. 303-304.
• King, David A., “Some Medieval Values of the Qibla at Cordova”, Journal for the History of Arabic Science, 2 (1978), 370-387.
• Berggren, J.L., “A Comparison of Four Analemmas for Determining the Azimuth of the Qibla”, Journal for the History of Arabic Science, 4 (1980), 69-80.
• Hawkins, Gerald S. & King, David A., “On the Orientation of the Ka’ba”, Journal for the History of Astronomy, 13 (1982), 102-109 [ADS link] – reprinted in: King (1993), nr. XII.
• King, David A., “Astronomical Alignments in Medieval Islamic Religious Architecture”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 385 (1982), 303-312 [Wiley link] – reprinted in: King (1993), nr. XIII.
• Ilyas, Mohammad, A Modern Guide to Astronomical Calculations of Islamic Calendar, Times & Qibla (Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing, 1984), pp. 169-174.
• Barmore, Frank E., “Turkish Mosque Orientation and the Secular Variation of the Magnetic Declination”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 44 (1985), 81-98 [JSTOR link].
• King, David A., “The Sacred Direction in Islam: A Study of the Interaction of Religion and Science in the Middle Ages”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 10 (1985), 315-328 [Ingenta link].
• Berggren, J.L., Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam (New York [etc.]: Springer-Verlag, 1986), pp. 182-188.
• King, David A., “The Earliest Islamic Mathematical Methods and Tables for Finding the Direction of Mecca”, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 3 (1986), 82-149 – reprinted [with errata in ibid., 4 (1987/88), 270] in: King (1993), nr. XIV.
• King, David A., Islamic Mathematical Astronomy (Aldershot: Variorum, 1987) – a revised edition was published in 1993.
• Bonine, Michael E., “The Sacred Direction and City Structure: A Preliminary Analysis of the Islamic Cities of Morocco”, Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture, 7 (1990), 50-72 [JSTOR link].
• van den Brink, Frederik Jan & Meeder, Marja, “Mekka”, Nieuwe Wiskrant, 11, nr. 1 (1991), 80-84.
• Barmore, Frank E., “The Earth isn’t Flat, and it isn’t Round Either: Some Significant and Little Known Effects of the Earth’s Ellipsoidal Shape”, The Wisconsin Geographer, 8 (1992), 1-8 [the TEX code for this paper is available at: Solstice: An Electronic Journal of Geography and Mathematics, 4 (1993), nr. 1 [Solstice link].
• King, David A. & Lorch, Richard P., “Qibla Charts, Qibla Maps, and Related Instruments”, in: J.B. Harley & D. Woodward (eds.), The History of Cartography, Volume Two, Book One: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies (Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 189-205.
• Heatwole, Charles, “Which Way is Mecca?”, Journal of Geography, 92 (1993), 267-269 [PAO link].
• Hogendijk, Jan Pieter, “Middeleeuws islamitische methoden voor het vinden van de richting van Mekka”, Nieuwe Wiskrant, 12, nr. 4 (1993), 45-52.
• King, David A., Astronomy in the Service of Islam (Aldershot: Variorum, 1993).
• Ragep, F.J. (ed.), Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī’s Memoir on Astronomy (al-Tadhkira fī ‘ilm al-hay’a) (Berlin/New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993 [= Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, nr. 12]), vol. I, pp. 306-309, vol. II, pp. 496-499.
• Hogendijk, Jan Pieter, “The Qibla Table in the Ashrafi Zij”, in: A. von Gotstedter (ed.), Ad Radices: Festband zum fünfzigjährigen Bestehen des Instituts für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994), pp. 81-94.
• Dallal, Ahmad S., An Islamic Response to Greek Astronomy: Kitāb Ta‛dīl Hay’at al-Aflāk of Sadr al-Sharī‛a (Leiden [etc.]: E.J. Brill, 1995 [= Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies, nr. XXIII), especially chapter 18 [pp. 296-309 & 448-451].
• Almakky, Ghazy A. & Snyder, John P., “Calculating an Azimuth from One Location to Another: A Case Study in Determining the Qibla to Makkah”, Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographical Information and Geovisualization, 33 (1996), nr. 2, 29-36 [Cartographica link].
• Kamal Abdali, S., The Correct Qibla (Washington: 1997) [pdf link].
• Ilyas, Mohammad, “Qibla and Islamic Prayer Times”, in: H. Selin (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (Dordrecht [etc.]: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997), pp. 834-836.
• King, David A., “Maps and Mapmaking: Islamic World Maps Centered on Mecca”, in: H. Selin (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (Dordrecht [etc.]: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997), pp. 577-578.
• King, David A., “Two Iranian World Maps for Finding the Direction and Distance to Mecca”, Imago Mundi, 49 (1997), 62-82 [JSTOR link].
• Schmidl, Petra G., “Two Early Arabic Sources on the Magnetic Compass”, Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 1 (1997/98), 81-132 [JAIS link].
• Ichwan, Moch. Nur, “Prayer in the Surinam-Javanese Diasporic Experience”, ISIM Newsletter, nr. 3 (1999), pp. 36 & 43.
• Ichwan, Moch. Nur, “Continuing Discourse on Keblat: Diasporic Experiences of the Surinamese Javanese Muslims in the Netherlands”, Sharqiyyat: Tijdschrift van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor de studie van het Midden-Oosten en de Islam, 11 (1999), 101-119.
• King, David A., World-Maps for Finding the Direction and Distance to Mecca: Innovation and Tradition in Islamic Science (Leiden: Brill, 1999).
• Shtober, Simon, ““Lā Yajūz an Yakūn Fī Al-‘Ālam Li-Llāhi Qiblatayn”: Judaeo-Islamic Polemics Concerning the Qibla (625-1010)”, Medieval Encounters: Jewish, Christian and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue, 5 (1999), 85-98 [Ingenta link].
• Dekker, Elly, “Cartographic Grids from Iran: An Early Version of the Retro-Azimuthal Orthographic Projection?”, The Cartographic Journal, 37 (2000), 109-116 [Ingenta link].
• Rius, Mònica, La alquibla en al-Andalus y al-Maghrib al-Aqsà (Barcelona: Institut “Millás Vallicrosa” d’Història de la Ciència Arab, 2000).
• Kimerling, A., “Adding the Qibla to Geographic Education”, Journal of Geography, 101 (2001), nr. 1, 20-26.
• Tobler, Waldo R., “Qibla, and Related, Map Projections”, Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 29 (2002), 17-23 [Ingenta link / pdf copy].
• Kimber, Richard, “Qibla”, in: J.D. McAuliffe (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2004), vol. 4, pp. 325-328.
• King, David A., In Synchrony with the Heavens. Studies in Astronomical Timekeeping and Instrumentation in Medieval Islamic Civilization: Volume One – The Call of the Muezzin (Studies I-IX) (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2004 [= Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies, nr. LV]), especially part VII [pp. 741-846].
• King, David A., In Synchrony with the Heavens. Studies in Astronomical Timekeeping and Instrumentation in Medieval Islamic Civilization: Volume Two – Instruments of Mass Calculation (Studies X-XVIII) (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2005 [= Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies, nr. LV]).

Relevant Entries in The Encyclopaedia of Islam: The New Edition (Leiden: E.J. Brill)

• “Ka‘ba”, vol. 4 (1974), pp. 317-322 [Wensinck, Arent Jan & Jomier, J.].
• “Kibla”, vol. 5 (1979), pp. 81-88 [Wensinck, Arent Jan & King, David A.] [addenda in vol. 8, p. xvi, and vol. 9, p. xvi] – partially reprinted in: King (1993), nr. IX.
• “Maghnatis: 2. The Compass”, vol. 5 (1985), pp. 1168-1169 [Wiedemann, Eilhard] [addenda in vol. 9, p. xvi].
• “Makka: 4. As the Centre of the World”, vol. 6 (1987), pp. 180-187 [King, David A.] – reprinted in: King (1993), nr. X.
• “al-Matla‘”, vol. 6 (1989), pp. 839-840 [King, David A.] – reprinted in: King (1993), nr. XI.
• “al-Samt”, vol. 8 (1995), pp. 1054-1056 [King, David A.] [addenda in vol. 9, p. xvi].
• “al-Tāsa”, vol. 10 (1998), pp. 312-313 [King, David A.].